The Effects Of Child Abuse On Children Essay - 2048 Words

According to the Children, Young persons and their Families Act (1989) abuse is defined as â€Å"A Child or Young Person who is being, or likely to be harmed (whether physically, emotionally, or sexually), ill-treatment, abuse, neglect or deprivation of any child or young person.† It is also important to understand that abuse may be intentional (physical abuse for example) or unintentional (for example mental abuse or neglect.) Child abuse has been on the increase in recent years and the numbers of children potentially being abused is significantly larger than generally expected. Creighton (2004) states that 570,000 referrals were made concerning child maltreatment and neglect to social service departments across England and Wales in the year 2002-03, surprisingly despite the introduction of legislation and safeguarding services designated to protect children, it is still a serious issue with 612,600 referrals made to the same services in 2011. DfE (2011) signs and symptoms of Abuse there are a large number of signs and symptoms that would be associated with the various types of abuse and identifying and assessing what is deemed as accidental is important when considering if a child is at risk. Abuse is heavily linked with the different parenting and behaviour styles such as attachment theory, in which Bowlby (1988) discusses the difference between secure and unsecure attachments. In relation to abuse and safeguarding, children who have developed unsecure attachments have moreShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Child Abuse On Children935 Words   |  4 PagesChild abuse has been an issue in America since the beginning of time, but lately there has gradually been an increase in reported incidents of abuse. There are several types of child abuse that are present in today’s society. The different types of abuse include physical, emotional and sexual abuse. Of the different maltreatment types, four-fifths (78.3%) of unique victims were neglected, 17.6 percent were physically abused, 9.2 percent were sexually abused, 8.1 percent were psychologically maltreatedRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals corrected. However, there are cases that have not been solved or not stopped by the law. Child abuse is common. Child abuse can be caused by a variety of reasons. Scientist have been studying and they have some ideas on what prompt people to harm children (Ian Hacking). They are trying to end child abuse, but there is so much they can do. Many children abuse incidents are not reported. Child abuse may have many causes as in way the abuser does it. One specific factor is the background of theRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children913 Words   |  4 Pagesseveral types of abuse, there’s physical, emotional, verbal and several others abuses. But the abuse I would like to focus on is child abuse. Domestic violence towards children is important because there is a way to prevent it from happening. Typical parents and caregivers do not intend to abuse their children. Abuse is mainly directed toward the behaviors that are given off towards one another. Author David Gil defines child abuse as an oc currence where a caretaker injures a child, not by accidentRead MoreChild Abuse Is An Effect On Children1657 Words   |  7 PagesIn 2010 according to the census bureau there were 74,100,000 U.S children between the ages of 0-17 being abused and 3.3 million referrals. This effected on average 1-10 U.S families and children, there were more than 32,200,000 U.S families with children under the age of 18 according to the 2010 census bureau. From the 3.3 million hotline calls in 2010 there were less than 475,000 sustained cases (2010 NCANDS: 436,321 sustained +24,976 indicated = 461,297 total) resulting in about 15% of hotlineRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1317 Words   |  6 PagesChild abuse has long been an ongoing social problem; this abuse has been one of the repeatedly difficult accusations to prove in our criminal justice system. Child abuse causes many years of suffering for victims. Children abused suffer from chemical imbalances, behavioral issues and are at high risk for becoming abusers or being abused in adult relationships. This cycle of learned behavior and suffering will be a hopeless reoccurring problem unless the criminal justice system and protocols for abusersRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1488 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' In addressing child abuse we are confronted with a series of problems. On the one hand, there is a lack of the true extent of the phenomenon because no data are available and that the issue, often refers to the most intimate spaces of family life. Furthermore, cultural and historical traditions affect the way each society faces this problem. Finally, there are varying opinions as to its definition and classification, as well as the consequences of child abuse may have and its subsequent therapeuticRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1263 Words   |  6 Pages Child Abuse Child abuse is any behavior which, by action or omission, produces physical or psychological damage to a person less than 18 years, affecting the development of his personality. In homes, it is believed that the most effective way to educate children is using the abuse. This form of punishment it used as an instrument of correction and moral training strategy as it is the first and most persistent justification of damage and maltreated mothers parents inflict on their children. SocietyRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1160 Words   |  5 PagesMost parents and other caregivers do not intend to hurt their children, but abuse is defined by the effect on the child, not the motivation of the parents or caregiver. Tens of thousands of children each year are traumatized by physical, sexual, and emotional abusers or by caregivers who neglect them, making child abuse as common as it is shocking. Most of us can’t imagine what would make an adult use violence against a child, and the worse the behavior is, the more unimaginable it seems. ButRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1227 Words   |  5 Pagesreports of child abuse are made involving more than 6 million children. The United States has one of the worst records of child abuse losing 4-7 children a day to the abuse. Abuse is when any behavior or action that is used to scare, harm, threaten, control or intimidate another person. Child abuse is a behavior outside the norms of conduct and entails substantial risk of causing physical or emotional harm. There are four main types of child abuse; physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, andRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1132 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Child abuse takes many different forms. Including physical, sexual, emotional, or neglect of a children by parents, guardians, or others responsible for a child s welfare. Regardless of the type of abuse, the child’s devolvement is greatly impacted. The child’s risk for emotional, behavioral, academic, social, and physical problems in life increase. According to the Child Maltreatment Report by the Children’s Bureau (1999) the most common form of child abuse in the United States is

Effects of Nationalism After French Revolution Free Essays

After the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era, people were brought together by the French army marching through their country. During the nineteenth century nationalism became a great aspect of life. Both writer and artist works were greatly influenced by nationalistic ideals and brought people together. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Nationalism After French Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nationalism became a very popular thing after the Napoleonic Era, when people saw how the French carried themselves as a people of a nation. This is when other nations started to strive for links between their people. One major forerunner was language. People saw language as one way to unify as a nation, and create a brotherhood between its people. The whole idea of roots and back story also influenced the literature of the nineteenth century as well. Many writers works were influenced from the nineteenth century was influenced by Nationalistic ideals. One set of writers who showed the idea of nationalism were the Brothers Grimm in their Grimm’s Fairy Tales. Grimm’s Fairy Tales is a collection of German fairy tales all in one book. They used these collection of fairy tales to create a German identity, by saying these were the tales passed on from generation to generation in German culture. Another writer that shows nationalism is Aleksandr Pushkin in his work The Bronze Horseman. The Bronze Horseman tells the tale of Evgenii and how he ends up going mad and getting killed by the statue of Peter. This shows nationalism in the fact that in the introduction of the poem, he talks about the founding of St. Petersburg and how great Russia is. Artist also had many works that portrayed nationalistic ideals. One piece of art that without a doubt showed nationalism was La Liberte guidant le peuple by Eugene Delacroix. This painting depicts â€Å"Mother France† leading her people into battle during the French Revolution. It shows Mother France with torn clothes and a French flag above her head which show how she wanted to bring her people all under the French flag and join them together. Another painting that depicts nationalism is The Bard by John Martin. This painting shows a Welsh bard running from a massacre that had just happened in a town off in the background of the painting. This showed nationalism in the idea that no matter what the English would send upon the Welsh they would always stand strong as a people and never give in to the English repression. All these different works show different aspects of nationalism. The Brother Grimm with the Grimm’s Fairy Tales, showed German nationalism in the fact that it created German folklore for people to come around. Aleksandr Pushkin’s The Bronze Horseman showed nationalism in that it tells how great Russia is and no matter what happens it will forever keep its greatness. Eugene Delacroix’s painting La Liberte Guidant le people shows French nationalism in that it shows the French people all coming together under one flag to fight alongside Mother France and were willing to die for her. In The Bard by John Martin shows Welsh nationalism in that no matter what the English did to them they would never give in. In sum, nationalism became a major aspect of life in the nineteenth century. People came together and many new nations began to form in response to these new ideals of nationalism. Nationalism led to many great things, like the unification of Germany in 1871. How to cite Effects of Nationalism After French Revolution, Essay examples

Business Report on Ethical Dilemma of Driving †Free samples

Question: What is Business report on Ethical Dilemma of Driving? Answer: Introduction The company is in a rush to be first to market with a new product of self-driving electric cars, which having undergone various tests and simulations and passed, are deemed by the management to be ready for the market. However, according to the AI Consultant, there is still a little bit of work to be done form a technical and safety point of view to ensure the cars are fully ready for real life situations. This will entail creating some simulations for accident scenarios where life and death decisions have to be made by the car. This report gives insights into the situation, discussing the underlying ethical principles the company, and especially the AI intelligence is faced with, the various scenarios possible; a recommendation is made at the end of this report on what can be done given the scenarios ethical dilemma so that there is a win-win situation for all stakeholders. Ethical Dilemma facing the AI (Artificial Intelligence) Consultant The AI Consultant is in a unique situation with regards to ethics; indeed he faces a huge dilemma; on the one hand, the consultant wants to ensure he does his job and adheres to the industrys ethical principles and ensure the self-driving cars are safe for the users and other stakeholders, including pedestrians and other road users. Knowing that while the tests have been successful and the self-driving cars have been learning, the consultant still knows they are machines and the real world situation is very different from a test situation, this is a huge dilemma. On the other hand, the self-driving cars are a business and not an exercise in practice; it is therefore important that the company gets the cars to market first before competitors get ready for the market (Lin, 2013). The ethical dilemma, therefore, is What if something goes terribly wrong and the self-driving cars are unable to make the right decisions during emergencies or life and death situations? The consultant faces the dilemma that in the event of an accident situation where a choice must be made; there is an oncoming car full of children that is going to crash into it and could cause the bus to fall off a cliff; on another hand, the self-driving car is carrying a single elderly passenger, if it decides to swerve, it could fall of a cliff and injure or kill the passenger, while getting destroyed at the same time. This is a huge ethical and moral dilemma; there is also the possibility that the situation is not realistic and in any case, the cars have been tested and that would possibly be a doomsday scenario unlikely to ever happen. So if he passes the cars are fit for road use, he will be hoping nothing drastic happens, and if it does not, he will be vindicated. But if indeed there is an accident scenario and there are injuries and damages, or even fatalities, he will always feel guilty and may have to take full responsibility. Consequences for both AI Consultant and the car customers The consequences of the ethical dilemma could be immense; if nothing happens, then no problem, what you dont know will never hurt. However, in the event there is an accident; for instance, the self-driving car malfunctions or another driver causes it to make a decision that causes injury or death; it could be a legal tussle, especially for the AI consultant and the company, the consequences can be very profound and get himself charged with professional negligence. For the customers, they would also shoulder legal liability that their self-driving cars malfunctioned when they had been assured the cars were fully tested, even for emergency situations. They would probably pass the liability to the manufacturer, and would themselves suffer local and national ramifications for endangering lives or causing a fatality. While there are no laws banning self-driving cars, based on the principle of no crime without a law, this is where ethics come in (The Ethics of Autonomous Cars, 2013). The AI consultants Duty The field of AI has ethical guidelines that the consultant will have to adhere to, these include; Robots must never be designed solely for the purpose of harming or killing human beings The responsible agents are humans, not the robots as the robots are tools humans design to perform certain functions. Robots need to be designed in a manner in which their security and safety is assured Being artifacts, robots should never be designed so that they exploit vulnerabilities in users by evoking dependency or emotional responses; further, a robot should always be differentiated form a human The person legally responsible for a robot should always be possible to find (Norman, 2011). The AI consultant is charged with the responsibility of ensuring the self-driving cars are safe for road use, and this requires them to ensure this is achieved, including by creating crash simulations and where life and death decisions need to be made. The consultant is therefore duty bound to ensure the cars are tested and made to learn situations in which there could be accidents and how to respond. As the EPRSC (Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council) principles state, a human being must be responsible for a robot on the understanding that the robots are a tool. The consultant must therefore ensure the life and death situations are done to assure safety (Nyholm Smids, 2016). Ethical response to the Dilemma from the point of View of a caring person The moral caring person will first respond to the dilemma by stating that as the principles state, all procedures must be followed to the letter, and so, if the AI consultant wants simulations for life and death situations to be created and tested on the cars before they are released, then this must be done at whatever cost (Simon, 2017). The principles say that humans must be responsible for robots, therefore, the company and the AI consultant must remain responsible for the self-driving cars, including the possible accidents that may occur, and also to ensure that they remain safe to the users, owners, and other members of the public; because as humans have already taught alien intelligence moral lessons, this should be done to robots too (Rini, 2017). Building robots and self-driving cars is parenting, the robots, just like children must be given moral lessons and life compass. Relevant ACS Codes The ACS Code of Professional Conduct is a set of ethical codes that every professional member or affiliate of the ACM (Association for Computing machinery). The codes are supplemented by additional guidelines; the important codes are listed below; Public interest is to be placed above the interests of business, personal, or sectional interests To enhance the quality of life of those that your work affects Honesty in the presentation of skills, services, knowledge, and products Work diligently and competently to all stakeholders and that of staff and colleagues Enhancement of personal professional development Enhancing the integrity of ACS and the respect members have for each other (Australian Computer Society, 2014) For the self-driving cars case, code 1 and 3 apply; code 1 states that every professional must public interest above those of personal, business or other sections; so by passing the vehicles as safe without simulation and testing the cars response in life and death decision situations, the consultant will be breaking code 1. Code 3 has to do with honesty; passing the cars as safe, yet knowing that they have not been tested shows dishonesty chicanery unbecoming of a professional Ethical grounds for Defending the AI Consultant in passing the Electric vehicles Despite all the testing and simulation, the self-driving cars can never be achieve perfect safety; this is because there are other dynamics involved, such as involvement of other drivers, pedestrians, and natural weather phenomena that can result in unexpected performance. Even if the car was tested for many situations where life and death decisions must be made, how should it behave where death or injury is inevitable? The self-driving cars are not synonymous with autonomous driving and expecting this would be pushing the cars beyond their limit (Berman, 2015). A common situation is where suddenly, there is a group of eight children crossing the road that the self-driving car is sure to plough through; the other alternative is to hit an elderly beggar on the opposite kerb. What should the self-driving car do? It will eventually be involved in or cause accidents when inevitable (MIT Technology Review, 2015). Further, accidents cannot be predicted, that is why they are called accident s, and some situations chance of occurrence in real life, even for human drivers are next to remote (Lin, Robot Cars And Fake Ethical Dilemmas, 2017); the responses to crashes can be updated as they happen (if they happen), so the consultant would be fully justified if he passed the cars as safe for real life use. Recommendation to overcome the Dilemma It is not possible to predict every accident situation and simulate it, there are just too many variables, so the best approach would be to be adjusting car behavior and developing algorithms based on real life situations. The other solution is to use a video game approach where even as the self-driving cars drive around, in the event they have a decision dilemma, it can ring technical support where human beings can take control, using on board cameras and override the auto-pilot and make a decision, such as emergency braking or choosing what to do. References The Ethics of Autonomous Cars. (2013, October 08). Retrieved May 05, 2017, from The Atlantic: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/10/the-ethics-of-autonomous-cars/280360/ Australian Computer Society. (2014, April). ACS Code of Professional Conduct. Retrieved May 05, 2017, from Australian Computer Society: https://www.acs.org.au/content/dam/acs/acs-documents/ACS%20Code-of-Professional-Conduct_v2.1.pdf Berman, B. (2015, Oct 21). Drivers Push Teslas Autopilot Beyond Its Abilities. Retrieved May 05, 2017, from Technology Review: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/542651/drivers-push-teslas-autopilot-beyond-its-abilities/ Lin, P. (2013). The ethical dilemma of self-driving cars. Retrieved May 05, 2017, from Ted Ed: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-ethical-dilemma-of-self-driving-cars-patrick-lin Lin, P. (2017, Apr 03). Robot Cars And Fake Ethical Dilemmas. Retrieved may 05, 2017, from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/patricklin/2017/04/03/robot-cars-and-fake-ethical-dilemmas/#13a2660413a2 MIT Technology Review. (2015, Oct 22). Why Self-Driving Cars Must Be Programmed to Kill. Retrieved May 05, 2017, from technology Review: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/542626/why-self-driving-cars-must-be-programmed-to-kill/ Norman, J. (2011). Ethical principles for Designers, Builders and Users of Robots. Retrieved Apr 05, 2017, from History of Information: https://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=4109 Nyholm, S., Smids, J. (2016). The Ethics of Accident-Algorithms for Self-Driving Cars: an Applied Trolley Problem? Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 12751289. Rini, R. (2017, Feb 22). Raising good robots. Retrieved May 04, 2017, from AEON: https://aeon.co/essays/creating-robots-capable-of-moral-reasoning-is-like-parenting Simon, M. (2017, March 13). To make us All Safer, Robocars Will Sometimes Have to Kill. Retrieved may 05, 2017, from Wired: https://www.wired.com/2017/03/make-us-safer-robocars-will-sometimes-kill/